A virtual experiment technique on the elementary behaviour of granular materials with discrete element method     

Xia Li  Hai‐Sui Yu  Xiang‐Song Li 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(1):75-96

Multi‐scale investigations aided by the discrete element method (DEM) play a vital role for current state‐of‐the‐art research on the elementary behaviour of granular materials. Similar to laboratory tests, there are three important aspects to be considered carefully, which are the proper stress/strain definition and measurement, the application of target loading paths and the designed experiment setup, to be addressed in the present paper. Considering the volume sensitive characteristics of granular materials, in the proposed technique, the deformation of the tested specimen is controlled and measured by deformation gradient tensor involving both the undeformed configuration and the current configuration. Definitions of Biot strain and Cauchy stress are adopted. The expressions of them in terms of contact forces and particle displacements, respectively, are derived. The boundary of the tested specimen consists of rigid massless planar units. It is suggested that the representative element uses a convex polyhedral (polygonal) shape to minimize possible boundary arching effects. General loading paths are described by directly specifying the changes in the stress/strain invariants or directions. Loading can be applied in the strain‐controlled mode by specifying the translations and rotations of the boundary units, or in the stress‐controlled mode by using a servo‐control mechanism, or in the combination of the two methods to realize mixed boundary conditions. Taking the simulation results as the natural consequences originated from a complex system, virtual experiments provide particle‐scale information database to conduct multi‐scale investigations for better understanding in granular material behaviours and possible development of the constitutive theories provided the qualitative similarity between the simulation results from virtual experiments and observations on real material behaviour. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil     

Lianyang Zhang  Saeed Ahmari 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(2):201-220

This article presents a method for the nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. The method considers the force and the moment equilibrium to derive the system equations for a rigid pile under a lateral eccentric load. The system equations are then solved using an iteration scheme to obtain the response of the pile. The method considers the nonlinear variation of the ultimate lateral soil resistance with depth and uses a new closed‐form expression proposed in this article to determine the lateral bearing factor. The method also considers the horizontal shear resistance at the pile base, and a bilinear relationship between the shear resistance and the displacement is used. For simplicity, the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction is assumed to be constant with depth, which is applicable to piles in overconsolidated clay. The nonlinearity of the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction with pile displacement at ground surface is also considered. The validity of the developed method is demonstrated by comparing its results with those of 3D finite element analysis. The applications of the developed method to analyze five field test piles also show good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results. The developed method offers an alternative approach for simple and effective analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatial–temporal variability in water quality and macro-invertebrate assemblages in the Upper Mara River basin,Kenya     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2014

Tropical rivers display profound temporal and spatial heterogeneity in terms of environmental conditions. This aspect needs to be considered when designing a monitoring program for water quality in rivers. Therefore, the physico-chemical composition and the nutrient loading of the Upper Mara River and its two main tributaries, the Amala and Nyangores were monitored. Initial daily, and later a weekly monitoring schedule for 4 months spanning through the wet and dry seasons was adopted. Benthic macro-invertebrates were also collected during the initial sampling to be used as indicators of water quality. The aim of the current study was to investigate the physico-chemical status and biological integrity of the Upper Mara River basin. This was achieved by examining trends in nutrient concentrations and analyzing the structure, diversity and abundance of benthic macro-invertebrates in relation to varying land use patterns. Sampling sites were selected based on catchment land use and the level of human disturbance, and using historical records of previous water quality studies. River water pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity (EC), temperature, and turbidity were determined in situ. All investigated parameters except iron and manganese had concentration values within allowable limits according to Kenyan and international standards for drinking water. The Amala tributary is more mineralized and also shows higher levels of pH and EC than water from the Nyangores tributary. The latter, however, has a higher variability in both the total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations. The variability in TP and TN concentrations increases downstream for both tributaries and is more pronounced for TN than for TP. Macro-invertebrate assemblages responded to the changes in land use and water quality in terms of community composition and diversity. The study recommends detailed continuous monitoring of the water quality at shorter time intervals and to identify key macro-invertebrate taxa that can be used to monitor changes of the water quality in rivers of the Mara basin as a result of anthropogenic changes.  相似文献   

Influence of confining pressure and impact loading on mechanical properties of amphibolite and sericite-quartz schist     

Shi Liu  Jinyu Xu  Xiaocong Lv 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2014,13(2):215-222

In order to investigate the dynamic mechanical properties of amphibolite and sericite-quartz schist under confi ning pressure, two rocks are subjected to impact loadings with different strain rates and confi ning pressures by using split Hopkinson pressure bar equipment with a confi ning pressure device. Based on the experimental results, the stress-strain curves are analyzed and the effects of confi ning pressure and strain rates on the dynamic compressive strength, peak strain and failure mode are summarized. The results show that:(1) The characteristics of two rocks in the ascent stage of the stressstrain curve are basically the same, but in the descent stage, the rocks gradually show plastic deformation characteristics as the confi ning pressure increases.(2) The dynamic compressive strength and peak strain of two rocks increase as the strain rate increases and the confi ning pressure effects are obvious.(3) Due to the effect of confi ning pressure, the normal stress on the damage surface of the rock increases correspondingly, the bearing capacity of the crack friction exceeds the material cohesion and the slippage of the fractured rock is controlled, which all lead to the compression and shear failure mode of rock. The theoretical analysis and experimental methods to study the dynamic failure mode and other related characteristics of rock are useful in developing standards for engineering practice.  相似文献   

Modelling mussel growth in ecosystems with low suspended matter loads using a Dynamic Energy Budget approach     

P. Duarte  M.J. Fernández-ReirizU. Labarta 《Journal of Sea Research》2012,67(1):44-57

The environmental and the economic importance of shellfish stimulated a great deal of studies on their physiology over the last decades, with many attempts to model their growth. The first models developed to simulate bivalve growth were predominantly based on the Scope For Growth (SFG) paradigm. In the last years there has been a shift towards the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) paradigm. The general objective of this work is contributing to the evaluation of different approaches to simulate bivalve growth in low seston waters by: (i) implementing a model to simulate mussel growth in low suspended matter ecosystems based on the DEB theory (Kooijman, S.A.L.M., 2000. Dynamic and energy mass budgets in biological systems, Cambridge University Press); (ii) comparing and discussing different approaches to simulate feeding processes, in the light of recently published works both on experimental physiology and physiology modeling; (iii) comparing and discussing results obtained with a model based on EMMY (Scholten and Smaal, 1998). The model implemented allowed to successfully simulate mussel feeding and shell length growth in two different Galician Rias. Obtained results together with literature data suggest that modeling of bivalve feeding should incorporate physiologic feed-backs related with food digestibility. In spite of considerable advances in bivalve modeling a number of issues is yet to be resolved, with emphasis on the way food sources are represented and feeding processes formulated.  相似文献   

高压条件下土的冻融试验装置研制及应用     

关辉  王大雁  顾同欣  马巍  温智  王永涛 《冰川冻土》2014,36(6):1496-1501

深部土体冻融后的物理力学性质对深部人工冻结工程意义重大. 针对该问题, 在以往土的冻融试验装置的基础上, 设计出适用于高压条件下土的室内冻融试验装置, 并给出了高压条件下土的冻融试验方法. 基于该装置, 对有压条件下兰州黄土在不同冷端温度下的单向冻结特征进行了试验研究. 结果表明: 无压单向冻结过程中土的变形以冻胀为主, 而高压情况下则主要表现为压缩变形. 在有压单向冻结过程中, 试样内部仍然存在着明显的水分重分布过程. 试验分析表明, 该试验装置能够为高压条件下土的冻结特征及冻融作用后土的物理力学性质研究提供技术支持.  相似文献   

循环荷载下加固土体孔压的模糊正交试验分析     

闫春岭  唐益群  王元东  李仁杰 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2011,41(3):805-811

针对地铁循环荷载下加固软粘土的孔隙水压力发展规律,对上海地铁4号线宝山-海伦引导段隧道周围的加固软黏土进行室内GDS循环三轴试验。结合重复正交设计法安排试验,借助模糊数学的理论与方法处理试验数据,充分考虑了振动频率（0.5、1.5、2.5 Hz）、动应力幅值（20、30、40 kPa）、固结比（1、1.4、2）以及超固结比（1、1.5、2）对土体孔隙水压力的影响。研究结果表明:振动频率、动应力幅值、固结比及超固结比对加固软黏土孔隙水压力的影响率分别为0.722、15.821、0.944及6.628;这说明影响加固软粘土孔隙水压力变化的主要因素是动应力幅值及超固结比,而固结比和振动频率的影响不显著。  相似文献   

饱和黏性土蠕变变形试验研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张云  薛禹群  吴吉春  何佳佳  王惠敏 《岩土力学》2011,32(3):672-676

结合苏锡常地区地面沉降研究,用单向固结仪研究饱和黏性土在复杂荷载作用下的蠕变变形特征。试验土样取自苏锡常地区第2弱透水层。研究结果表明,在初次加载时黏性土具有明显的蠕变性,在双对数坐标中蠕变变形与时间呈直线关系,且直线斜率随荷载水平增大而减小,但在荷载水平达到一定值后斜率变化不大;在初次卸载时黏性土仍有明显的回弹蠕变,特别是在卸载水平较高时,卸载回弹蠕变变形与应力和时间的关系仍可用幂函数表示;在循环荷载作用下,加卸载达到变形稳定的时间随循环次数增加而减小。当循环荷载最大值小于土样的先期固结压力时,土样在2次加卸载循环后达到弹性变形状态;当循环荷载最大值等于土样的先期固结压力时,土样在5次加卸载循环后达到弹性变形状态。  相似文献   

四川广汉机场云的周期性变化特征          下载免费PDF全文

张甦  张振州  郝丽萍  李子良 《气象与环境学报》2011,27(1):30-34

基于1986-1995年民航广汉机场气象台逐日逐时人工观测资料,利用统计分析,带通滤波方法、功率谱分析和小波分析等方法,分析了广汉机场云的周期性变化。结果表明：广汉机场主要受层积云Sc、积云Cu两种低云影响,且二者具有相反的日变化特征,碎层云Fs、雨层云Ns、碎雨云Fn等出现频率很低。广汉机场云量的变化明显具有60-120d的准季节周期、30-60d季节内周期和10-20d准双周振荡。  相似文献   

初始剪应力与加荷速率共同作用下饱和软黏土孔压模型试验研究     

王军  杨芳  吴延平  胡秀青 《岩土力学》2011,32(Z1):111-117

通过GDS循环三轴试验系统,对循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的孔压变化规律进行了研究,分析了循环应力比,初始剪应力与振动频率对孔隙水压力的影响。研究结果表明：随着循环应力比的增加,孔压发展速度增快。循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土存在临界循环应力比,通过孔压也可以确定其值大小。在循环初期,孔压率较大,随着循环时间的增加,孔压率逐渐减小。随着循环应力比的增加,孔压率增加。振动频率对孔压比-循环次数关系影响明显,随着频率的增加,孔压比减小;然而,当振动频率大于1 Hz时,振动频率对孔压比-时间与孔压率-时间关系影响不明显。随着初始剪应力的增大,孔压增加。初始剪应力对应变率具有显著影响;随着初始剪应力的增加,应变率增加。在对数坐标下,孔压率与时间呈线性关系。在上述试验基础上建立了孔压率与时间关系表达式,通过积分得到了循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的动孔压模型  相似文献